Answer
The BT510 sensor is configured using a smartphone via BLE out of the box. It is also possible for a developer to load their own C code onto the BT510 via a programming cable.
The BT510 board does not have an on-board J-Link debug IC as some nRF5x development boards, however, instructions from the Nordic nRF5x Segger J-Link; page also apply to this board, with the additional step of connecting an external debugger.
Ezurio (formerly Laird Connectivity) will provide the USB-SWD programming board that supports this connector layout, refer to the USB SWD Programmer product page